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{{short description|Camera technology}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:sCMOS}}
'''sCMOS''' (''scientific Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor'') are a type of [[CMOS image sensor]] (CIS).<ref name="LaserFocusWorld">{{cite web |url=https://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-54/issue-05/features/scientific-cmos-cameras-scmos-cameras-reach-new-levels-of-capability.html|title=Photonics Products: Scientific CMOS Cameras: sCMOS cameras reach new levels of capability |publisher=[[Laser Focus World]] |language=en |date=2018|accessdate=}}</ref> These sensors are commonly used as components in specific observational scientific instruments, such as [[Microscope|microscopes]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Comparison of EMCCD vs sCMOS Cameras|url=https://andor.oxinst.com/learning/view/article/comparing-scmos|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Oxford Instruments|language=en}}</ref> and [[Telescope|telescopes]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=G. E.|date=2020-01-01|title=Will sCMOS replace CCD's for Astronomy?|journal=American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #235 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AAS...23517501W|volume=235|pages=175.01|bibcode=2020AAS...23517501W}}</ref> sCMOS image sensors offer extremely low noise, rapid [[frame rate]]s, wide [[dynamic range]], high quantum efficiency, [[high resolution]], and a large field of view simultaneously in one image.<ref name="Photonics Online">{{cite web |url=https://www.photonicsonline.com/doc/scientific-cmos-scmos-technology-an-overview-0001|title=Photonics Products: Scientific CMOS Cameras: sCMOS cameras reach new levels of capability |publisher=Photonics Online|language=en |date=2012|accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="Evaluation">[https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-20-7-7338&id=230396''Evaluation of sCMOS cameras for detection and localization of single Cy5 molecules''], Optics Express, Saumya Saurabh, Suvrajit Maji, and Marcel P. Bruchez, 2012.</ref>

The sCMOS technology was launched in 2009 during the ''Laser World of Photonics'' fair in Munich. The companies [[Andor Technology]], [[Fairchild Camera and Instrument|Fairchild Imaging]] and [[PCO Imaging]] developed the technology for [[image sensor]]s as a [[joint venture]].<ref>[https://application.wiley-vch.de/berlin/journals/op/09-03/OP0903_S37-S39.pdf''sCMOS – Die eierlegende Wollmilchsau der Bildsensorik?''], [[Wiley-VCH]], Gerhard Holst, German, 2009</ref><ref name="Photonics Online" />

== Technical details ==
Prior to the introduction of the technology, scientists were limited to using either [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]] or [[EMCCD|EMCCD cameras]], both of which had their own set of technical limitations.<ref>[https://www.novuslight.com/scmos-cameras-take-the-scientific-imaging-stage_N8059.html''sCMOS Cameras Take the Scientific Imaging Stage''], May 7, 2018. Retrieved on October 8, 2018</ref> While back-illuminated electron-multiplying CCD (EMCCD) cameras are optimal for purposes requiring the lowest noise and dark currents, sCMOS technology's higher pixel count and lower cost result in its use in a wide range of precision applications. sCMOS devices can capture data in a global-shutter “snapshot” mode over all the pixels or rectangular subsets of pixels, and can also operate in a rolling-shutter mode.<ref name="LaserFocusWorld" />

The cameras are available with a [[Monochrome photography|monochrome sCMOS image sensors]] or with [[RGB color space|RGB sCMOS image sensors]]. With sCMOS, digital information for each frame is generated rapidly and with an improved low-light image quality. The latest sCMOS sensors provide low enough noise and do not benefit considerably from lower temperatures as it was with CCDs, allowing researchers to scan across a sample and capture high-quality images.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.americanlaboratory.com/914-Application-Notes/173576-How-to-Choose-Between-a-CCD-and-sCMOS-Scientific-Grade-Camera/ |title=How to Choose Between a CCD and sCMOS Scientific-Grade Camera |date=April 29, 2015 |access-date=2025-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ximea.com/support/projects/standard-cameras/wiki/FAQ-X-RAY |title=X-Ray cameras with 11 and 16 Mpix |access-date=2025-03-19}}</ref>

Some disadvantages at this time, (2023), with sCMOS cameras versus related technologies are:

* sCMOS sensors tend be more expensive than traditional CMOS sensors.
* sCMOS sensors have a limited resolution compared to other types of sensors like CCD.

[[File:Comparison - sCMOS vs. CCD technology.jpg|thumb|Comparison - CCD vs. sCMOS technology; lower figure compares a scientific grade CCD (left) and a pco.edge camera with sCMOS sensor (on the right) under similar weak illumination conditions. This demonstrates the superiority of sCMOS over CCD with regards to read out noise and dynamic, without smear (the vertical lines in the CCD image).]]

== In practice ==
The [[New York University School of Medicine]] uses sCMOS cameras for their research. They were used to study biological molecules and processes in real-time at [[Nanoscopic|nanometer scale]].<ref name="LaserFocusWorld"/> Such cameras were also in use in astronomy and [[microscopy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=StackPath|url=https://www.laserfocusworld.com/detectors-imaging/article/16555375/photonics-products-scientific-cmos-cameras-scmos-cameras-reach-new-levels-of-capability|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.laserfocusworld.com|date=2 May 2018 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Active pixel sensor]]
* [[Beyond CMOS]]
* [[MOSFET]]
* [[CMOS amplifiers]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=Baker, R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation, Third Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/cmoscircuitdesig00bake_827 |url-access=limited |publisher=Wiley-IEEE |location= |year=2010 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cmoscircuitdesig00bake_827/page/n1210 1174] |isbn=978-0-470-88132-3 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} http://CMOSedu.com
* {{cite book |author1=Weste, Neil H. E. |author2=Harris, David M. |title=CMOS VLSI Design: A Circuits and Systems Perspective, Fourth Edition |publisher=Pearson/Addison-Wesley |location=Boston |year=2010 |page=840 |isbn=978-0-321-54774-3 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} http://CMOSVLSI.com/
* {{cite book |last=Veendrick |first=H. J. M. |title=Nanometer CMOS ICs, from Basics to ASICs |year=2017 |publisher=Springer |page=770 |isbn=978-3-319-47595-0}} http://springer.com/cn/book/9783319475950?referer=springer.com
* {{cite book |author=[[Carver Mead|Mead, Carver A.]], and [[Lynn Conway|Conway, Lynn]] |title=Introduction to VLSI systems |publisher=Addison-Wesley |location=Boston |year=1980 |pages= |isbn=0-201-04358-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate= |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontovl00mead }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:sCmos}}
[[Category:Electronic design]]
[[Category:Digital electronics]]
[[Category:Logic families]]
[[Category:Integrated circuits]]

SCMOS - Revision history

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