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	Examples of frequency-division duplexing systems include:		Examples of frequency-division duplexing systems include:
	* [[ADSL]] and [[VDSL]]		* [[ADSL]] and [[VDSL]]
	* [[Mobile technology]], including [[~~Long Term Evolution~~\|LTE]], [[UMTS]] and [[CDMA2000]]		* [[Mobile technology]], including [[LTE (telecommunication)\|LTE]], [[UMTS]] and [[CDMA2000]]
	* [[IEEE 802.16]] [[WiMax]]		* [[IEEE 802.16]] [[WiMax]]

RS-485: Imported from Wikipedia (overwrite)

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{{Short description|Communication flowing simultaneously in both directions}}
{{More footnotes|date=September 2015}}

A '''duplex''' [[communication system]] is a [[Point-to-point (telecommunications)|point-to-point]] system composed of two or more connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. Duplex systems are employed in many communications networks, either to allow for simultaneous communication in both directions between two connected parties or to provide a reverse path for the monitoring and remote adjustment of equipment in the field. There are two types of duplex communication systems: full-duplex (FDX) and half-duplex (HDX).

In a '''full-duplex''' system, both parties can communicate with each other simultaneously. An example of a full-duplex device is [[plain old telephone service]]; the parties at both ends of a call can speak and be heard by the other party simultaneously. The earphone reproduces the speech of the remote party as the microphone transmits the speech of the local party. There is a two-way communication channel between them, or more strictly speaking, there are two communication channels between them.

In a '''half-duplex''' or '''semiduplex''' system, both parties can communicate with each other, but not simultaneously; the communication is one direction at a time. An example of a half-duplex device is a [[walkie-talkie]], a [[two-way radio]] that has a [[push-to-talk]] button. When the local user wants to speak to the remote person, they push this button, which turns on the transmitter and turns off the receiver, preventing them from hearing the remote person while talking. To listen to the remote person, they release the button, which turns on the receiver and turns off the transmitter. This terminology is not completely standardized, and some sources define this mode as [[Simplex communication|simplex]].<ref name="Lindley" /><ref name="Gosling" />

Systems that do not need duplex capability may instead use [[simplex communication]], in which one device transmits and the others can only listen. Examples are [[broadcast]] radio and television, [[garage door opener]]s, [[baby monitor]]s, [[wireless microphone]]s, and [[surveillance camera]]s. In these devices, the communication is only in one direction.

==Simplex==
[[File:Locale_RS6_Simplex.jpg|thumb|Simplex wireless communication]]

'''Simplex communication''' is a [[communication channel]] that sends information in one direction only.<ref name="IEEE">"Simplex" ''The IEEE Authoritative Dictionary of Standard Terms, 7th Ed.'', 2000, Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, p.1053</ref>

The [[International Telecommunication Union]] definition is a communications channel that operates in one direction at a time, but that may be reversible; this is termed ''[[half duplex]]'' in other contexts.

For example, in TV and radio [[broadcasting]], information flows only from the transmitter site to multiple receivers. A pair of [[walkie-talkie]] [[two-way radio]]s provide a simplex circuit in the ITU sense; only one party at a time can talk, while the other listens until it can hear an opportunity to transmit. The transmission medium (the radio signal over the air) can carry information in only one direction.

The [[Western Union]] company used the term ''simplex'' when describing the half-duplex and simplex capacity of their new [[transatlantic telegraph cable]] completed between [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and the [[Azores]] in 1928.<ref>Milnor, J.W. and G.A. Randall. "The Newfoundland-Azores High-Speed Duplex Cable". ''A.I.E.E. Electrical Engineering''. May 1931</ref> The same definition for a simplex radio channel was used by the [[National Fire Protection Association]] in 2002.<ref>''Report of the Committee on Public Emergency Service Communication''. NFPA 1221, May, 2002.</ref>

== Half duplex ==
[[File:Locale_RS6_HalfDuplex.JPG|thumb|A simple illustration of a half-duplex communication system]]

A '''half-duplex''' ('''HDX''') system provides communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time, not simultaneously in both directions.<ref name="Sudakshina">{{cite book
| last1 = Sudakshina
| first1 = Kundu
| title = Analog and Digital Communications
| publisher = Dorling Kindersley
| date = 2010
| location = New Delhi
| pages = 6–7
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JKfTrRRHT5QC&q=duplex%20simplex
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 9788131731871
}}</ref>
<ref name="Frenzel">{{cite book
| last1 = Frenzel
| first1 = Louis
| title = Electronics Explained: Fundamentals for Engineers, Technicians, and Makers, 2nd Ed.
| publisher = Elsevier Science
| date = 2017
| pages = 161
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uqjRDgAAQBAJ&dq=simplex+duplex&pg=PA161
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 9780128118795
}}</ref><ref name="ITU">{{cite web
| title = Duplex
| work = Terms and Definitions Database
| publisher = International Telecommunications Union (ITU) website
| date =
| url = https://www.itu.int/br_tsb_terms/#/?q=duplex&sector=T,R&from=2005-01-01&to=2023-02-27&status=1&type=any&page=1
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 27 February 2023}}</ref> This terminology is not completely standardized between defining organizations, and in radio communication, some sources classify this mode as ''[[Simplex communication|simplex]]''.<ref name="Gosling">{{cite book
| last1 = Gosling
| first1 = William
| title = Radio Spectrum Conservation
| publisher = Elsevier Science
| date = 2000
| pages = 170–171
| language =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MvbZ2eK7luMC&q=simplex%20duplex
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 9780750637404
}}</ref>
<ref name="Lindley">{{cite web
| last = Lindley
| first = Matthew
| title = What is a Two-Way Radio?
| work = Technology
| publisher = WiseGeek website
| date = 12 February 2023
| url = https://www.wise-geek.com/what-is-a-two-way-radio.htm
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 27 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="ATIS">{{cite web
| title = Half-duplex
| work = ATIS Telecom Glossary
| publisher = Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions
| date =
| url = https://glossary.atis.org/search-results/?search=duplex
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 27 February 2023}} This definition is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)</ref> Typically, once one party begins a transmission, the other party on the channel must wait for the transmission to complete before replying.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/half-duplex |title=half-duplex |website=www.pcmag.com |access-date=20 June 2023 }}</ref>

An example of a half-duplex system is a two-party system such as a [[walkie-talkie]], wherein one must say "over" or another previously designated keyword to indicate the end of transmission, to ensure that only one party transmits at a time. A good analogy for a half-duplex system would be a one-lane road that allows two-way traffic; traffic can only flow in one direction at a time.

Half-duplex systems are usually used to conserve [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]], at the cost of reducing the overall bidirectional throughput, since only a single [[communication channel]] is needed and is shared alternately between the two directions. For example, a walkie-talkie or a DECT phone or so-called TDD 4G or 5G phones requires only a single [[frequency]] for bidirectional communication, while a [[cell phone]] in the so-called FDD mode is a full-duplex device, and generally requires two frequencies to carry the two simultaneous voice channels, one in each direction.

In automatic communications systems such as two-way data-links, [[time-division multiplexing]] can be used for time allocations for communications in a half-duplex system. For example, station A on one end of the data link could be allowed to transmit for exactly one second, then station B on the other end could be allowed to transmit for exactly one second, and then the cycle repeats. In this scheme, the channel is never left idle.

In half-duplex systems, if more than one party transmits at the same time, a [[Collision (telecommunications)|collision]] occurs, resulting in lost or distorted messages.

==Full duplex==
[[File:Locale_RS6_FullDuplex.JPG|thumb|A simple illustration of a full-duplex communication system. Full-duplex is not common in handheld radios as shown here due to the cost and complexity of common duplexing methods, but is used in [[telephone]]s, [[cellphone]]s and [[cordless phone]]s.]]

A '''full-duplex''' ('''FDX''') system allows communication in both directions, and, unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously.<ref name="Sudakshina" /><ref name="Frenzel" /><ref name="ITU" />
Land-line [[telephone]] networks are full-duplex since they allow both callers to speak and be heard at the same time. Full-duplex operation is achieved on a [[two-wire circuit]] through the use of a [[hybrid coil]] in a [[telephone hybrid]]. Modern cell phones are also full-duplex.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone1.htm |title=Cell phone Frequencies |work=HowStuffWorks |date=14 November 2000 |access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref>

There is a technical distinction between full-duplex communication, which uses a single physical communication channel for both directions simultaneously, and '''dual-simplex''' communication which uses two distinct channels, one for each direction. From the user perspective, the technical difference does not matter and both variants are commonly referred to as ''full duplex''.

Many [[Ethernet]] connections achieve full-duplex operation by making simultaneous use of two physical [[twisted pair]]s inside the same jacket, or two optical fibers which are directly connected to each networked device: one pair or fiber is for receiving packets, while the other is for sending packets. Other Ethernet variants, such as [[1000BASE-T]] use the same channels in each direction simultaneously. In any case, with full-duplex operation, the cable itself becomes a collision-free environment and doubles the maximum total transmission capacity supported by each Ethernet connection.

Full-duplex also has several benefits over the use of half-duplex. Since there is only one transmitter on each twisted pair, there is no contention and no collisions, so time is not wasted by having to wait or retransmit frames. Full transmission capacity is available in both directions because the send and receive functions are separate.

Some computer-based systems of the 1960s and 1970s required full-duplex facilities, even for half-duplex operation, since their poll-and-response schemes could not tolerate the slight delays in reversing the direction of transmission in a half-duplex line.{{cn|date=May 2021}}

=== Echo cancellation ===
Full-duplex audio systems like telephones can create echo, which is distracting to users and impedes the performance of modems. Echo occurs when the sound originating from the far end comes out of the speaker at the near end and re-enters the microphone{{efn|This feedback path may be acoustic, through the air, or it may be mechanically coupled, for example, in a telephone handset.}} there and is then sent back to the far end. The sound then reappears at the original source end, but delayed.

[[Echo cancellation]] is a signal-processing operation that subtracts the far-end signal from the microphone signal before it is sent back over the network. Echo cancellation is an important technology allowing [[modem]]s to achieve good full-duplex performance. The [[ITU-T V.32|V.32]], [[ITU-T V.34|V.34]], [[ITU-T V.56|V.56]], and [[ITU-T V.90|V.90]] modem standards require echo cancellation.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Greenstein|first1=Shane |last2= Stango|first2=Victor |title=Standards and Public Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hMKHwUmaZ8C&pg=PA129|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46075-0|pages=129–132}}</ref> Echo cancelers are available as both software and hardware implementations. They can be independent components in a communications system or integrated into the communication system's [[central processing unit]].

== Full-duplex emulation ==
Where [[channel access method]]s are used in [[point-to-multipoint]] networks (such as [[cellular network]]s) for dividing forward and reverse communication channels on the same physical communications medium, they are known as duplexing methods.<ref name="Gyasi-Agyei">{{cite book
| last1 = Gyasi-Agyei
| first1 = Amoakoh
| title = Telecommunications Engineering: Principles And Practice
| publisher = World Scientific Publishing Company
| date = 2019
| pages = 519–520
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dmmhDwAAQBAJ&dq=communications+engineering+simplex+duplex&pg=PA519
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 9789811200274
}}</ref>

=== Time-division duplexing === 
'''Time-division duplexing''' ('''TDD''') is the application of [[time-division multiplexing]] to separate outward and return signals. It emulates full-duplex communication over a half-duplex communication link.

Time-division duplexing is flexible in the case where there is [[asymmetry]] of the [[Telecommunications link|uplink]] and [[downlink]] data rates or utilization. As the amount of uplink data increases, more communication capacity can be dynamically allocated, and as the traffic load becomes lighter, capacity can be taken away. The same applies in the downlink direction.

The ''transmit/receive transition gap'' (TTG) is the gap (time) between a downlink burst and the subsequent uplink burst. Similarly, the ''receive/transmit transition gap'' (RTG) is the gap between an uplink burst and the subsequent downlink burst.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/TTG-gap-vs-RTG-gap-in-WiMAX-LTE.html |title=TTG vs RTG-What is TTG and RTG Gaps in WIMAX, LTE |access-date=2021-06-05}}</ref>

Examples of time-division duplexing systems include:
* [[UMTS-TDD]] for data communications on [[3G]] mobile networks
* [[LTE-TDD]] for data communications on [[4G]] mobile networks
* [[DECT]] wireless telephony
* Half-duplex [[packet switched]] networks based on [[carrier-sense multiple access]], for example, 2-wire or [[Ethernet hub|hubbed Ethernet]], [[Wireless local area network]]s and [[Bluetooth]], can be considered as time-division duplexing systems, albeit not TDMA with fixed frame-lengths.
* [[WiMAX]]
* [[PACTOR]]
* ISDN BRI [[U interface]], variants using the time-compression multiplex (TCM) line system
* [[G.fast]], a [[digital subscriber line]] (DSL) standard developed by the [[ITU-T]]

=== Frequency-division duplexing === 
{{confused|Frequency-division multiplexing}}
'''Frequency-division duplexing''' ('''FDD''') means that the [[transmitter]] and [[receiver (radio)|receiver]] operate using different [[carrier frequencies]].

The method is frequently used in [[ham radio]] operation, where an operator is attempting to use a [[repeater]] station. The repeater station must be able to send and receive a transmission at the same time and does so by slightly altering the frequency at which it sends and receives. This mode of operation is referred to as ''duplex mode'' or ''offset mode''. Uplink and downlink sub-bands are said to be separated by the ''frequency offset''.

Frequency-division duplex systems can extend their range by using sets of simple repeater stations because the communications transmitted on any single frequency always travel in the same direction.

Frequency-division duplexing can be efficient in the case of symmetric traffic. In this case, time-division duplexing tends to waste bandwidth during the switch-over from transmitting to receiving, has greater inherent [[Latency (engineering)|latency]], and may require more complex [[circuitry]].

Another advantage of frequency-division duplexing is that it makes radio planning easier and more efficient since base stations do not ''hear'' each other (as they transmit and receive in different sub-bands) and therefore will normally not interfere with each other. Conversely, with time-division duplexing systems, care must be taken to keep guard times between neighboring base stations (which decreases [[spectral efficiency]]) or to synchronize base stations, so that they will transmit and receive at the same time (which increases network complexity and therefore cost, and reduces bandwidth allocation flexibility as all base stations and sectors will be forced to use the same uplink/downlink ratio).

Examples of frequency-division duplexing systems include:
* [[ADSL]] and [[VDSL]]
* [[Mobile technology]], including [[Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[UMTS]] and [[CDMA2000]]
* [[IEEE 802.16]] [[WiMax]]

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Communication channel]]
* [[Crossband operation]]
* [[Double-track railway]]
* [[Duplex mismatch]]
* [[Duplexer]]
* [[Four-wire circuit]]
* [[Multiplexing]]
* [[Push-to-talk]]
* [[Radio resource management]]
* [[Simplex communication]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
| title = Computer Networks
| url = https://archive.org/details/computernetworks00tane_2
| url-access = registration
| publisher = Prentice Hall
| date = 2003
| first = Andrew S. | last = Tanenbaum
| author-link = Andrew S. Tanenbaum
| isbn = 0-13-038488-7
}}

* {{cite book
| title = Design and Analysis of Duplexing Modes and Forwarding Protocols for OFDM(A) Relay Links
| publisher = Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS, 81/2014
| date = 2014
| first = Taneli | last = Riihonen
| isbn = 978-952-60-5715-6
| url = http://theses.eurasip.org/theses/637/design-and-analysis-of-duplexing-modes-and/download/
}}

{{Channel access methods}}
{{Telecommunications}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duplex (Telecommunications)}}
[[Category:Communication circuits]]
[[Category:Amateur radio]]

Duplex (telecommunications) - Revision history

RS-485: Imported from Wikipedia (overwrite)

RS-485: Imported from Wikipedia (overwrite)