RS-485: Imported from Wikipedia (overwrite)

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Imported from Wikipedia (overwrite)

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{{Short description|Oil and natural gas trade association}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = American Petroleum Institute
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| formation = {{Start date and age|1919|03|20}}<ref name=history/>
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| tax_id = 13-0433430
| status = [[501(c) organization#501(c)(6)|501(c)(6)]]
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| headquarters = [[Washington, D.C.]] (since 1969)<ref name=history/>
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| membership = Nearly 600 companies in petroleum industry
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| leader_title = President and CEO
| leader_name = Mike Sommers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.api.org/about/president-and-ceo |title=Mike Sommers – President and Chief Executive Officer, American Petroleum Institute – Biography |publisher=[[Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute]] |access-date=October 18, 2018 }}</ref>
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| revenue = $239,392,392<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Andrea Suozzo, Alec Glassford, Ash Ngu, Brandon |date=May 9, 2013 |title=American Petroleum Institute - Nonprofit Explorer |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/130433430 |access-date=April 26, 2024 |website=ProPublica |language=en}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2022
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| expenses = $241,637,261<ref name="auto"/>
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The '''American Petroleum Institute''' ('''API''') is the largest U.S. [[trade association]] for the oil and natural gas industry. It claims to represent nearly 600 corporations involved in [[extraction of petroleum|production]], [[oil refinery|refinement]], [[pipeline transport|distribution]], and many other aspects of the [[petroleum industry]]. It has advanced [[climate change denial]] and blocking of [[climate change mitigation|climate legislation]] to defend the interests of its [[fossil fuels lobby|constituent organizations]].<ref>*{{Cite news|date=June 24, 2020|title=Minnesota sues Exxon, Koch and API for being 'deceptive' on climate change|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-climatechange-oil-idUSKBN23V2XY|access-date=October 17, 2021}}
*{{Cite web|date=June 30, 2021|title=Big oil and gas kept a dirty secret for decades. Now they may pay the price|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/30/climate-crimes-oil-and-gas-environment|access-date=October 17, 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en}}
*{{Cite web|last=Subramanian|first=Samanth|title=Big oil's industry lobby is starting to lose its grip on big oil itself|url=https://qz.com/1962079/oil-companies-are-dropping-oil-lobbies-over-climate-change/|access-date=October 17, 2021|website=Quartz|date=January 27, 2021 |language=en}}
*{{Cite web|last=Meyer|first=Robinson|date=February 20, 2020|title=The Oil Industry Is Quietly Winning Local Climate Fights|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/02/oil-industry-fighting-climate-policy-states/606640/|access-date=October 14, 2021|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref><ref>*{{Cite web|date=June 30, 2021|title=ExxonMobil lobbyists filmed saying oil giant's support for carbon tax a PR ploy|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jun/30/exxonmobil-lobbyists-oil-giant-carbon-tax-pr-ploy|access-date=October 17, 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en}}
*{{Cite web|date=July 19, 2021|title=How a powerful US lobby group helps big oil to block climate action|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/19/big-oil-climate-crisis-lobby-group-api|access-date=October 14, 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en}}
*{{Cite web|date=January 15, 2021|title=After 40 years of climate denial, American Petroleum Institute (API) offers... more denial!|url=http://redgreenandblue.org/2021/01/15/40-years-climate-denial-american-petroleum-institute-api-offers-denial/|access-date=October 14, 2021|website=Red, Green, and Blue|language=en-US}}
*{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Alleen|date=January 16, 2021|title=Oil Industry Reconsiders Donations to Election Deniers — but Has Its Own Big Lie|url=https://theintercept.com/2021/01/16/oil-industry-election-climate-denial-stop-steal/|access-date=October 14, 2021|website=The Intercept|language=en-US}}
</ref>

The association describes its mission as "to promote safety across the industry globally and influence [[public policy]] in support of a strong, viable [[Petroleum in the United States|U.S. oil and natural gas industry]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Industry Mission|url=https://www.api.org:443/about/industry-mission|access-date=July 1, 2020|website=www.api.org|language=en}}</ref> API's chief functions on behalf of the industry include [[advocacy]], [[negotiation]] and [[Fossil fuels lobby|lobbying]] with governmental, legal, and regulatory agencies; [[research]] into economic, toxicological, and [[environmental issues|environmental effects]]; establishment and certification of [[technical standard|industry standard]]s; and education outreach.<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.api.org/aboutapi/ |title=About API |publisher=American Petroleum Institute |access-date=March 29, 2012}}</ref> API both funds and conducts research related to many aspects of the petroleum industry.<ref name="about" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.api.org:443/about/president-and-ceo|title=API President and CEO|website=www.api.org|access-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Petroleum industry|Petroleum in the United States}}
[[File:American Petroleum Institute logo.svg|thumb|Previous logo]]
Although some oil was produced commercially before 1859 as a byproduct from salt brine wells, the [[American oil industry]] started on a major scale with the discovery of oil at the [[Drake Well]] in western Pennsylvania in 1859.

The American Petroleum Institute was founded on March 20, 1919, and based in [[New York City]].<ref name=history>[http://www.api.org/globalitems/globalheaderpages/~/link.aspx?_id=9C594CAB469847F5B6932F13813812D4&_z=z "API history"], American Petroleum Institute (page visited on January 2, 2018).</ref>

In 1959, at a symposium organized by the American Petroleum Institute and the [[Columbia Graduate School of Business]] for the centennial of the American oil industry, the [[physicist]] [[Edward Teller]] warned then of the danger of global [[climate change]].<ref name=Franta/> Edward Teller explained that carbon dioxide "in the atmosphere causes a [[greenhouse effect]]" and that burning more [[fossil fuels]] could "melt the icecap and submerge New York".<ref name=Franta>Benjamin Franta, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/jan/01/on-its-hundredth-birthday-in-1959-edward-teller-warned-the-oil-industry-about-global-warming "On its 100th birthday in 1959, Edward Teller warned the oil industry about global warming"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', January 1, 2018 (page visited on January 2, 2018).</ref>

In 1969, the API decided to move its offices to [[Washington, DC]].<ref name=history/>

==Standards and certification==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2015}}

API Standards Committees are made up of subcommittees and task groups that works and maintain these standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mycommittees.api.org/standards/cre/some/default.aspx|title=Home – SOME|website=mycommittees.api.org|access-date=April 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Committee Information|url = http://www.api.org/Publications-Standards-and-Statistics/Standards/Committee-Information|website = www.api.org|access-date = January 24, 2016}}</ref>

API also defines the industry standard for the energy conservation of [[motor oil]]. As of 2020 '''API SP''' is the latest specification. It supersedes '''API SN'''. SP specifies more stringent engine oil performance requirements for spark-ignited internal combustion engines. These include a chain wear test and a test for very low-viscosity engine oils. The standards also include a test designed to protect against a phenomenon experienced by some gasoline engines known as [[Low-Speed Pre-Ignition]] (LSPI).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kendallmotoroil.com/news/your-quick-guide-to-the-ilsac-gf-6-and-api-sp-motor-oil-standards/#:~:text=SP%20is%20the%20API%27s%20newest,%2C%20SM%2C%20SL%20or%20SJ. | title=Your Quick Guide to the ILSAC GF-6 and API SP Motor Oil Standards | date=May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.api.org/products-and-services/engine-oil/eolcs-categories-and-classifications/latest-oil-categories|title=Latest Oil Categories|website=www.api.org}}</ref>

API also defines and drafts standards for measurement for manufactured products.

[[Crude Oil Data Exchange]] (CODE) is the electronic business standard as of 1978.

API RP 500 and RP 505 classify the locations for [[electrical equipment in hazardous areas]].<ref>
API RP 505 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installation at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1 and Zone 2 (2002).</ref><ref>API RP 500 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for electrical Installation at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Division 1 and Division 2.</ref>

API has entered petroleum industry nomenclature in a number of areas:

* [[API gravity]], a measure of the density of petroleum.
* [[API number]], a unique identifier applied to each petroleum exploration or production well drilled in the United States.
* API unit, a standard measure of natural [[Formation evaluation gamma ray|gamma radiation]] measured in a borehole.<ref>[http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/a/api_unit.aspx API Unit], Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary, accessed November 11, 2015.</ref>
* "Non-API", an item (e.g., tubular connector) not conforming to API standards
* "Non-API", (informal) slang term for anything out of the norm.

==Educator information==
In addition to training industry workers and conducting seminars, workshops, and conferences on public policy, API develops and distributes materials and curricula for schoolchildren and educators. The association also maintains a website, ''Classroom Energ''y.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educationworld.com/awards/2003/r0503-23.shtml|title=2009 Awards|website=Education World|access-date = January 16, 2021}}</ref>

==Public relations and lobbying==
{{See also|Fossil fuels lobby|Climate change denial|ExxonMobil climate change controversy}}

API spent more than $3 million annually during the period 2005 to 2009 on [[lobbying]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/firmsum.php?lname=American+Petroleum+Institute&year=2009 |title=Lobbying: American Petroleum Institute |publisher=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref> As of 2009, according to API’s quarterly “Lobbying Report” submitted to the U.S. Senate, the organization had 16 lobbyists lobbying Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=AD1E2A9B-A167-4DA2-89A8-AB6D97C5F719 |title=Second Quarter Lobbying Form, 2009, Secretary of the Senate |access-date=March 29, 2012}}</ref> According to an investigation conducted by the ''[[International Business Times]]'', API lobbied the Department of State for all of 2009 on "legislative efforts concerning [[oil sands]]" and "[[Canadian Oil Sands]]."<ref name="Clinton">{{cite news|last1=Sirota|first1=David|title=Oil Companies Donated to Clinton Foundation While Lobbying State Department|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/political-capital/oil-companies-donated-clinton-foundation-while-lobbying-state-department-2348832|access-date=April 14, 2016|work=International Business Times|date=April 5, 2016}}</ref>

The American Petroleum Institute also lobbied the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] every quarter in 2009. In three of four quarters, the group listed “legislative efforts concerning oil sands” as one of the areas it was focusing on in its lobbying, and in the final quarter, it listed “Canadian Oil Sands.” Among API’s members are [[ExxonMobil]], which has invested in Canadian oil sands.

API lobbies and organizes its member employees' attendance at public events to communicate the industry's position on issues. A leaked summer 2009 memo from then API President [[Jack Gerard]] asked its member companies to urge their employees to participate in planned protests (designed to appear independently organized) against the [[cap-and-trade]] legislation the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] passed that same summer. "The objective of these rallies is to put a human face on the impacts of unsound energy policy and to aim a loud message at [20 different] states," including Florida, Georgia, and Pennsylvania. Gerard went on to assure recipients of the memo that API will cover all organizational costs and handling of logistics. In response to the memo, an API spokesman told media that participants will be there (at protests) because of their own concerns, and that API is just helping them assemble.<ref>{{cite web|first=Daniel |last=Stone |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/212934?from=rss |title=The Browning of Grassroots |publisher=Newsweek |date=August 20, 2009 |access-date=March 29, 2012}}</ref>

{{Anchor|EnergyCitizens}}To help fight [[climate change policy of the United States|climate control legislation]] that has been approved by the U.S. House, API supports the Energy Citizens group, which is holding public events.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/business/energy-environment/19climate.html|title=Oil Companies Back Public Protests of Greenhouse Gas Bill|first1=Clifford|last1=Krauss|first2=Jad|last2=Mouawad|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 18, 2009|access-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=McNulty |first=Sheila |url=http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/2009/08/20/big-oil-backlash/ |title=The big oil backlash? |publisher=Financial Times |date=August 20, 2009 |access-date=March 29, 2012}}</ref> API encouraged energy company employees to attend one of its first Energy Citizen events held in Houston in August 2009, but turned away Texas residents who were not employed by the energy industry. ''[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]'' reported that some attendees had no idea of the purpose of the event.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schwartz |first=Ariel |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/blog/ariel-schwartz/sustainability/american-petroleum-institute-demonstrates-how-screw-grassroots-ev |title=American Petroleum Institute Demonstrates How to Screw Up a Grassroots Event |publisher=Fast Company |date=August 21, 2009 |access-date=March 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2009/08/11/lobby-groups-to-use-town-hall-tactics-to-oppose-climate-bill | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=Ian | last=Talley | title=Lobby Groups to Use Town Hall Tactics to Oppose Climate Bill | date=August 11, 2009}}</ref> In December 2009, ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' magazine said API and Energy Citizens were promulgating climate disinformation.<ref name=motherjones20091204>{{cite news |first=Josh |last=Harkinson |url=https://www.motherjones.com/special-reports/2009/12/dirty-dozen-climate-change-denial |title=The Dirty Dozen of Climate Change Denial |magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |date=December 4, 2009 |access-date=August 17, 2015 |quote=Here's a guide to the dozen loudest components of the climate disinformation machine...Meet the 12 loudest members of the chorus claiming that global warming is a joke and that CO2 emissions are actually good for you.}}</ref>

In January 2012, the American Petroleum Institute launched the voter education campaign – Vote 4 Energy. The campaign says that increased domestic energy production can create jobs, increase government revenue, and provide U.S. energy security. The Vote 4 Energy campaign does not promote any specific candidate or party, but rather provides voters with energy information to equip them to evaluate candidates on the federal and local levels and make decisions in favor of domestic energy on Election Day. The main components of the Vote 4 Energy campaign include the website – Vote4Energy.org – and social media communities, along with a series of advertisements and events around the country. The Vote 4 Energy campaign was criticized for presenting misleading arguments about the relationship between oil production and jobs whilst ignoring the potentially catastrophic consequences of increased fossil fuel consumption on the Earth's climate.<ref>{{cite web|last1=DaMelle|first1=Brendan|title=API's New 'Vote 4 Energy' Ad Campaign Is Thinly Veiled Election Year Bullying|url=http://www.desmogblog.com/api-s-new-vote-4-energy-ad-campaign-thinly-veiled-election-year-bullying|website=desmogblog.com|date=January 4, 2012|publisher=DeSmog Blog|access-date=January 22, 2016}}</ref>

The API successfully pushed for an end to a ban on American oil exports on the grounds that the ban increased demand for Russian and Iranian oil, thereby benefiting the unfriendly regimes in these countries. Critics noted that many of its member companies continued to maintain ongoing business in these countries whilst the lobbying campaign was in progress, leading to accusations of hypocrisy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Horn|first1=Steve|title=Big Oil Argued for U.S. Crude Exports to Fend Off Iran, But First Exporter Vitol Group Also Exported Iran's Oil|url=http://www.desmogblog.com/2015/12/29/crude-oil-exports-iran-russia-vitol-group|website=DeSmog Blog|date=December 29, 2015|access-date=January 22, 2016}}</ref> Furthermore, the API's campaigns have been criticized for advocating policies that are likely to exacerbate [[global warming]] and its associated problems.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Readfearn|first1=Graham|title=What happened to the lobbyists who tried to reshape the US view of climate change?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/feb/27/what-happened-to-lobbyists-who-tried-reshape-us-view-climate-change|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 27, 2015|access-date=January 22, 2016}}</ref> The API has repeatedly funded conservative groups that deny the reality of anthropogenic global warming<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dunlap|first1=Riley|last2=Jacques|first2=Peter|title=Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection|journal=American Behavioral Scientist|date=2013|volume=57|issue=6|pages=699–731|doi=10.1177/0002764213477096|pmid=24098056|pmc=3787818}}</ref> in spite of the overwhelming scientific consensus that it presents a serious problem for the planet.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=John|title=Reply to 'Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature: A re-analysis'.|journal=Energy Policy|date=2014|volume=73|pages=706–708|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2014.06.002}}</ref>

It has many [[front group]]s, including the NH Energy Forum that in August 2011 hosted a [[New Hampshire]] event for [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Rick Perry]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Brad |url=http://thinkprogress.org/green/2011/08/15/295811/rick-perrys-first-stop-in-new-hampshire-is-funded-by-big-oil/ |title=Rick Perry's First Stop In New Hampshire Is Funded By Big Oil |publisher=ThinkProgress |date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=March 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330112511/http://thinkprogress.org/green/2011/08/15/295811/rick-perrys-first-stop-in-new-hampshire-is-funded-by-big-oil/ |archive-date=March 30, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.nhpr.org/rick-perry-stumps-manchester-next-stop-iowa "Rick Perry stumps Manchester – next stop Iowa"]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[New Hampshire Public Radio]], August 14, 2011.</ref>

In March 2022, the Climate Committee of the API reportedly approved a draft proposal urging Congress to pass a [[carbon tax]] on fossil fuels. The draft proposal is subject to further approval by the API Executive Committee. The proposal calls for gasoline wholesalers, power plants and others to pay a tax of $35 to $50 per ton of carbon dioxide generated by the fossil fuel they sell or use. The proposal drew criticism amid coincident high prices at the pump and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/RCdlVcFDrrbmNpXqDOjU-WSJNewsPaper-4-22-2022.pdf|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=April 22, 2022|access-date=April 22, 2022|title=Oil Group Drafts Proposal For Carbon Tax on Fossil Fuels|page=A-4|last1=Puko|first1=Timothy|last2=Mann|first2=Ted}}</ref> In June 2021, in a sting operation carried out by ''[[Unearthed (publication)|Unearthed]]'', senior [[ExxonMobil]] lobbyist Keith McCoy revealed that the company was 'for a carbon tax' because 'it gives us a talking point'. In reality, McCoy stated, a carbon tax 'is not gonna happen'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2021 |title=Revealed: ExxonMobil's lobbying war on climate change legislation |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/revealed-exxonmobils-lobbying-war-on-climate-change-legislation |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=Channel 4 News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Willie Soon ===
In February 2015, it was revealed that [[Climate change denial|climate denier]] [[Willie Soon]] had been paid by several fossil fuel interest groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gillis |first1=Justin |last2=Schwartz |first2=John |date=February 21, 2015 |title=Deeper Ties to Corporate Cash for Doubtful Climate Researcher |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/22/us/ties-to-corporate-cash-for-climate-change-researcher-Wei-Hock-Soon.html |access-date=March 13, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Over the course of 14 years, he had received a total of $1.25m from [[ExxonMobil|Exxon Mobil]], [[Southern Company]], the American Petroleum Institute (API) and a foundation run by the libertarian [[Koch family|Koch brothers]], the documents obtained by [[Greenpeace]] show.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2015 |title=Work of prominent climate change denier was funded by energy industry |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/feb/21/climate-change-denier-willie-soon-funded-energy-industry |access-date=March 13, 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The scientist described his studies to fossil fuel executives as "deliverables", and permitted anonymous pre-publication reviews.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hasemyer |first=David |date=February 21, 2015 |title=Documents Reveal Fossil Fuel Fingerprints on Contrarian Climate Research |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21022015/documents-reveal-fossil-fuel-fingerprints-contrarian-climate-research-willie-soon-harvard-smithsonian-koch-exxon-southern-company/ |access-date=March 13, 2022 |website=Inside Climate News |language=en-US}}</ref> Soon advanced the widely discredited theory that changes in solar activity are to blame for climate change, and called into question the severity and extent of climate change in all his studies, never revealing his backers.<ref name=":3" />

==Inventory reports==
Every Tuesday (unless Monday is a holiday) at 4:30 PM the API releases a report on US inventories of [[Petroleum|crude oil]], gasoline and distillates, to paid subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.api.org/products-and-services/statistics|title=Statistics|website=www.api.org}}</ref> As this information predates the report on the same inventory levels by the [[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA), it gives investors an early look at the information that may be coming from the EIA, although there is frequently some disparity between the two sets of figures.

==See also==
* [[United States Oil & Gas Association]], formerly the Mid-Continent Oil & Gas Association

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Vassiliou, Marius S. and Miryusif Mirbabayev. US and Azerbaijani oil in the Nineteenth Century: Two Titans (Lexington Books Publisher, November 2022). – 182 p.

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{official|http://api.org/}}
* {{ProPublicaNonprofitExplorer|130433430}}
* {{Ballotpedia}}

{{Portal bar|Companies|Energy|United States}}

{{Energy in the USA}}
{{Lobbying in the United States}}
{{Petroleum industry}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Organizations established in 1919]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:Lobbying organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:American Petroleum Institute| ]]
[[Category:Trade associations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Climate change denial in the United States]]
[[Category:Oil industry standards]]
[[Category:Standards organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:501(c)(6) nonprofit organizations]]
[[Category:Lobbying organizations in the United States]]

American Petroleum Institute - Revision history

RS-485: Imported from Wikipedia (overwrite)