Editing Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet (section)

==History==
Many commercial aircraft use the [[ARINC 429]] standard developed in 1977 for safety-critical applications. ARINC 429 utilizes a unidirectional bus with a single transmitter and up to twenty receivers. A data word consists of 32 bits communicated over a twisted pair cable using the bipolar return-to-zero modulation. There are two speeds of transmission: high speed operates at 100&nbsp;kbit/s and low speed operates at 12.5&nbsp;kbit/s. ARINC 429 operates in such a way that its single transmitter communicates in a point-to-point connection, thus requiring a significant amount of wiring which amounts to added weight.

Another standard, [[ARINC 629]], introduced by Boeing for the [[Boeing 777|777]] provided increased data speeds of up to 2&nbsp;Mbit/s and allowing a maximum of 120 data terminals. This ADN operates without the use of a bus controller thereby increasing the reliability of the network architecture. The drawback is that it requires custom hardware which can add significant cost to the aircraft. Because of this, other manufacturers did not openly accept the ARINC 629 standard.

AFDX was designed as the next-generation aircraft data network. Basing on standards from the [[IEEE 802.3]] committee (commonly known as [[Ethernet]]) allows commercial off-the-shelf hardware to reduce costs and development time. AFDX is one implementation of deterministic Ethernet defined by ARINC Specification 664 Part 7. AFDX was developed by Airbus Industries for the A380,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.artist-embedded.org/docs/Events/2007/IMA/Slides/ARTIST2_IMA_Itier.pdf | title=A380 Integrated Modular Avionics}}</ref><ref name="militaryaerospace">{{cite web
| url=http://www.militaryaerospace.com/index/display/article-display/226247/articles/military-aerospace-electronics/volume-16/issue-4/news/afdx-technology-to-improve-communications-on-boeing-787.html
| title=AFDX technology to improve communications on Boeing 787
| publisher=militaryaerospace.com
| date=2005-04-01
| quote=''AFDX, developed by Airbus engineers for the A380, “is a standard that defines the electrical and protocol specifications, (IEEE 802.3 and ARINC 664, Part 7) for the exchange of data between avionics subsystems,” Bruno says. “One thousand times faster than its predecessor, ARINC 429; it builds upon the original AFDX concepts introduced by Airbus''| access-date=2010-12-22}}</ref> initially to address real-time issues for [[Aircraft flight control system|flight-by-wire system]] development.<ref name="EmbryRiddle">{{cite web
 |url=http://www.rt.db.erau.edu/BLUE/team_bios/leo/Matos_AFDX_Term_Paper.pdf 
 |title=AFDX: Real-time solution on the A380 
 |publisher=[[Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University]] 
 |date=October 2007 
 |access-date=2010-12-22 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719191449/http://www.rt.db.erau.edu/BLUE/team_bios/leo/Matos_AFDX_Term_Paper.pdf 
 |archive-date=2011-07-19 
}}</ref> Multiple switches can be bridged together in a cascaded [[Network topology#Star|star topology]]. This type of network can significantly reduce wire runs, thus the weight of the aircraft. In addition, AFDX can provide [[quality of service]] and dual link redundancy.

Building on the experience from the A380, the [[Airbus A350]] also uses an AFDX network, with avionics and systems supplied by [[Rockwell Collins]].<ref name="AFDX_on_A350">{{cite web
| url=http://www.rockwellcollins.com/Capabilities_and_Markets/~/media/71B3AD381E7D4C3EBB8C697AF15C9AE5.ashx
| title=AFDX: Airbus and Rockwell Collins: Innovating together for the A350 XWB
| publisher=[[Rockwell Collins]]
| date=June 2013
| access-date=2013-06-21}}</ref> AFDX using fiber optic rather than copper interconnections is used on the Boeing [[787 Dreamliner]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=https://www.militaryaerospace.com/home/article/16708187/afdx-technology-to-improve-communications-on-boeing-787 | title=AFDX technology to improve communications on Boeing 787| date=2005-04-01}}</ref> 

[[Airbus]] and its [[EADS]] parent company have made AFDX licenses available through the EADS Technology Licensing initiative, including agreements with [[Selex ES]]<ref>“[http://www.selex-es.com/media/press-releases/2013/19-06-2013.aspx Selex ES to partner with Airbus on mission management systems AFDX] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810050616/http://www.selex-es.com/media/press-releases/2013/19-06-2013.aspx |date=August 10, 2013 }}” (Press release). Selex ES. 2013-6-19. Retrieved 2013-7-30.</ref> and [[Vector Informatik]]<ref>“[http://vector.com/va_news_detail_us,,475645,1070061.html?markierung=Airbus%257CAFDX Vector signs agreement for licensed use of Airbus-developed AFDX technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811024100/http://vector.com/va_news_detail_us,,475645,1070061.html?markierung=Airbus%257CAFDX |date=2014-08-11 }}” (Press release). Vector. 2013-2-19. Retrieved 2013-7-30.</ref> GmbH.